A scoping review on biomedical journal peer review guides for reviewers.

BACKGROUND: Peer review is widely used in academic fields to assess a manuscript's significance and to improve its quality for publication. This scoping review will assess existing peer review guidelines and/or checklists intended for reviewers of biomedical journals and provide an overview on the review guidelines. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED) databases were searched for review guidelines from the date of inception until February 19, 2021. There was no date restriction nor article type restriction. In addition to the database search, websites of journal publishers and non-publishers were additionally hand-searched. RESULTS: Of 14,633 database publication records and 24 website records, 65 publications and 14 websites met inclusion criteria for the review (78 records in total). From the included records, a total of 1,811 checklist items were identified. The items related to Methods, Results, and Discussion were found to be the highly discussed in reviewer guidelines. CONCLUSION: This review identified existing literature on peer review guidelines and provided an overview of the current state of peer review guides. Review guidelines were varying by journals and publishers. This calls for more research to determine the need to use uniform review standards for transparent and standardized peer review. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The protocol for this study has been registered at Research Registry (www.researchregistry.com): reviewregistry881.

Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of preclinical systematic reviews.

In an effort to better utilize published evidence obtained from animal experiments, systematic reviews of preclinical studies are increasingly more common-along with the methods and tools to appraise them (e.g., SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation [SYRCLE's] risk of bias tool). We performed a cross-sectional study of a sample of recent preclinical systematic reviews (2015-2018) and examined a range of epidemiological characteristics and used a 46-item checklist to assess reporting details. We identified 442 reviews published across 43 countries in 23 different disease domains that used 26 animal species. Reporting of key details to ensure transparency and reproducibility was inconsistent across reviews and within article sections. Items were most completely reported in the title, introduction, and results sections of the reviews, while least reported in the methods and discussion sections. Less than half of reviews reported that a risk of bias assessment for internal and external validity was undertaken, and none reported methods for evaluating construct validity. Our results demonstrate that a considerable number of preclinical systematic reviews investigating diverse topics have been conducted; however, their quality of reporting is inconsistent. Our study provides the justification and evidence to inform the development of guidelines for conducting and reporting preclinical systematic reviews.

Will We Miss the Opportunity Again?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new coronavirus, first appeared in late 2019. What initially seemed to be a mild influenza quickly revealed itself as a serious and highly contagious disease, and the planet was soon faced with a significant morbidity and mortality associated with this pathogen. For homeopathy, shunned during its 200 years of existence by conventional medicine, this outbreak is a key opportunity to show potentially the contribution it can make in treating COVID-19 patients. This should be done through performance of impeccably controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trials, with publication of their findings in well-ranked conventional medicine journals. If the homeopathy community fails to take advantage of this rare opportunity, it might wait another century for the next major pandemic.

Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist).

Neurofeedback has begun to attract the attention and scrutiny of the scientific and medical mainstream. Here, neurofeedback researchers present a consensus-derived checklist that aims to improve the reporting and experimental design standards in the field.

Turning Oral Presentations at the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry's Annual Meeting Into Published Articles: A Review and Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oral presentations at academic conferences typically describe recent or ongoing research projects or provide literature reviews. However, conversion of these presentations into full-length journal articles is not routine. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the frequency with which oral presentations at the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry's annual meetings from 2012 to 2018 were turned into peer-reviewed publications and review the factors that affected publication of them. METHODS: Conference presentation titles and authors from the 2012-2018 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Annual Meetings were searched using PubMed to find corresponding published reports by the presenters. Data were organized in an Excel spreadsheet, and the time to publication, the journals in which they were published, and general content areas were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 287 oral presentations delivered during the study period, 47% were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Articles were published in 72 different journals; the journals that published the most articles were Psychosomatics, General Hospital Psychiatry, Psycho-oncology, Academic Psychiatry, and the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The most common subspecialty topics of the published articles were neuropsychiatry, psycho-oncology, surgery and transplantation, and delirium. The mean time to publication after presentation was 1 year. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the rate at which presentations are converted into peer-reviewed publications can be used to enhance the academic success of presenters, and strategies to enhance the rate of publication (e.g., by coaching on scientific writing or by selecting oral presentations with the highest publication potential) can be established.

The life-cycle of your manuscript: From submission to publication.

Though the basics of peer review are common knowledge in the scientific community, to many authors the publication process is mystifying, frustrating, and often confusing. The purpose of this editorial is to lift the curtain between authors and editors and provide insight into the actual life-cycle of a manuscript from submission to publication, including practical tips regarding editorial processes, explanations of the most common reasons for rejection and advice on how to avoid it. While the detail is specific to the editorial setup at JBMT, it aims to provide useful insight to all authors seeking publication in a scientific journal, and to function as a teaching tool for educators guiding their students towards publication.

Development and Evaluation of Ontologies in Traditional Medicine: A Review Study.

BACKGROUND: Development of ontologies in traditional medicine can be a foundation for other applications of informatics in this field. Despite the importance of the development of ontologies in traditional medicine, there are few review studies in this area. This study aims to review different methods for ontology development and evaluation in traditional medicine. METHODS: This review study was performed in 2019. To find related papers, six databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, IEEE Xplore, and SpringerLink were searched. Initially, 761 articles were identified. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles were selected to review different methods for ontology development and evaluation in traditional medicine. RESULTS: Five different methods were used for ontology development in traditional medicine, namely conventional, customized, semiautomatic, upper-level, and large-scale methods. The results showed that ontology evaluation was only considered in 32% of the studies. The common methods used for ontology evaluation were competency questions, expert-based evaluation, and automatic detection of inconsistency errors. CONCLUSION: Development of ontologies is of high importance for organizing knowledge in traditional medicine, as this branch of medicine is often not documented or is documented in local languages. The results of this study can help ontology developers to be familiar with the common methods of ontology development and evaluation in traditional medicine and use them for future research.

Manual Therapy Cures Death: I Think I Read That Somewhere.

Predatory journals are compromising the scientific credibility of "published" research. Past concerns with predatory journals have included the lack of a peer-review process, lack of an editorial board, and little to no description of the publication's ethical standards. In this editorial, we describe the ease with which bogus information can be published in predatory journals, and outline 3 risks to credible science associated with published information and downstream referencing, which may occur through source amnesia bias. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(11):830-832. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.0107.

The current overuse and misuse of meta-analyses on sublingual immunotherapy: the case of grass pollen allergy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Meta-analysis provides the highest level of evidence-based efficacy of a medical treatment or intervention. Allergen immunotherapy in its two forms of subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an effective treatment of respiratory allergy as shown by meta-analyses, but in recent years there has been an overflow of meta-analyses on SLIT, with contrasting results that may generate confusion among physicians. RECENT FINDINGS: It can be observed that flaws are often present in meta-analyses including: incorrect selection of trials, inappropriate use of evaluation parameters for the analysis, and unsuitable analyses. For instance, it is clear that a meta-analysis of several small studies does not predict the results of a single large study that remains the gold standard to assess the efficacy and safety of a treatment. To assess the interest of the matter, we calculated the number of citations of meta-analyses on SLIT efficacy in the 10 years after the first publication in 2005 and detected a continuous decrease in citations. SUMMARY: Today, the appropriateness of a meta-analysis should be carefully evaluated, taking into account that a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple small studies to increase power, to improve estimates of the size of the effect, and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree. Editors and reviewers of medical journals should consider that to judge a meta-analysis requires a high level of expertise that is obvious in reviewers belonging to the Cochrane organization.

Nutraceuticals and Their Potential to Treat Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Separating the Credible from the Conjecture.

In recent years, complementary and alternative medicine has become increasingly popular. This trend has not escaped the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy community with one study showing that 80% of caregivers have provided their Duchenne patients with complementary and alternative medicine in conjunction with their traditional treatments. These statistics are concerning given that many supplements are taken based on purely "anecdotal" evidence. Many nutraceuticals are thought to have anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant effects. Given that dystrophic pathology is exacerbated by inflammation and oxidative stress these nutraceuticals could have some therapeutic benefit for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). This review gathers and evaluates the peer-reviewed scientific studies that have used nutraceuticals in clinical or pre-clinical trials for DMD and thus separates the credible from the conjecture.

Health Systems Innovation at Academic Health Centers: Leading in a New Era of Health Care Delivery.

Challenged by demands to reduce costs and improve service delivery, the U.S. health care system requires transformational change. Health systems innovation is defined broadly as novel ideas, products, services, and processes-including new ways to promote healthy behaviors and better integrate health services with public health and other social services-which achieve better health outcomes and/or patient experience at equal or lower cost. Academic health centers (AHCs) have an opportunity to focus their considerable influence and expertise on health systems innovation to create new approaches to service delivery and to nurture leaders of transformation. AHCs have traditionally used their promotions criteria to signal their values; creating a health systems innovator promotion track could be a critical step towards creating opportunities for innovators in academic medicine. In this Perspective, the authors review publicly available promotions materials at top-ranked medical schools and find that while criteria for advancement increasingly recognize systems innovation, there is a lack of specificity on metrics beyond the traditional yardstick of peer-reviewed publications. In addition to new promotions pathways and alternative evidence for the impact of scholarship, other approaches to fostering health systems innovation at AHCs include more robust funding for career development in health systems innovation, new curricula to enable trainees to develop skills in health systems innovation, and new ways for innovators to disseminate their work. AHCs that foster health systems innovation could meet a critical need to contribute both to the sustainability of our health care system and to AHCs' continued leadership role within it.

Enfoque de la Autoridad Reguladora Cubana sobre la reglamentación para la Medicina Natural y Tradicional / Approach of the Cuban regulatory authority to natural and traditional medicine regulations

Introducción: la medicina natural y tradicional (MNT) ocupa un espacio renovado en la salud y la sociedad cubana. Objetivos: caracterizar la reglamentación para la MNT y contribuir a su desarrollo mediante la recuperación de disposiciones nacionales que pautan los estándares para medicamentos y dispositivos médicos relacionados con la misma. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo; la base reglamentaria se recuperó mediante revisión de las publicaciones de artículos científicos entre 1989 y 2012, así como de sesiones de trabajo con funcionarios clave y entrevistas a expertos. Resultados: el número de disposiciones compiladas ascendió a 22. El Centro para el Control Estatal de Medicamentos, Equipos y Dispositivos Médicos (CECMED) se identificó entre los 6 principales reguladores en esta esfera y las instituciones reguladas fueron 5. Conclusiones: se mostró por primera vez un panorama general de la evolución de la reglamentación sobre la MNT, sus hitos, estructuras y necesidades de desarrollo. Se evidenció que el CECMED ha dado respuesta al mandato del Consejo de Ministros sobre el control en este campo, e investiga estrategias para cumplir las direcciones trazadas para la transformación del modelo económico y social del país con la perspectiva de la garantía sanitaria de medicamentos a utilizar en las modalidades de la MNT y dispositivos médicos con calidad, seguridad, eficacia y efectividad, en favor de preservar el derecho a la salud de los cubanos(AU)

Introduction: Natural and traditional medicine (NTM) has gained space in Cuban health and society. Objectives: characterize NTM regulations and contribute to their development by means of the retrieval of national regulations about standards for NTM drugs and medical devices. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. The regulatory bases were retrieved from a review of scientific papers published between 1989 and 2012, as well as work sessions with key officials and interviews with experts. Results: a total 22 regulations were collected. The Center for State Control of the Quality of Drugs and Medical Equipment (CECMED) was identified as among the 6 main regulators in this field, with 5 institutions regulated. Conclusions: for the first time a general overview was provided of the evolution of NTM regulations, their milestones, structures and development needs. It was shown that CECMED has accomplished the mandate of the Council of Ministers about regulation in this field, and that it investigates strategies aimed at fulfilling the directives received in relation to the transformation of the Cuban economic and social development model ensuring the quality, safety, efficacy and efficiency of NTM drugs and medical devices to preserve the right of Cubans to health care(AU)

Enfoque de la Autoridad Reguladora Cubana sobre la reglamentación para la Medicina Natural y Tradicional / Approach of the Cuban regulatory authority to natural and traditional medicine regulations

INTRODUCCIÓN: la medicina natural y tradicional (MNT) ocupa un espacio renovado en la salud y la sociedad cubana. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar la reglamentación para la MNT y contribuir a su desarrollo mediante la recuperación de disposiciones nacionales que pautan los estándares para medicamentos y dispositivos médicos relacionados con la misma. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo; la base reglamentaria se recuperó mediante revisión de las publicaciones de artículos científicos entre 1989 y 2012, así como de sesiones de trabajo con funcionarios clave y entrevistas a expertos. RESULTADOS: el número de disposiciones compiladas ascendió a 22. El Centro para el Control Estatal de Medicamentos, Equipos y Dispositivos Médicos (CECMED) se identificó entre los 6 principales reguladores en esta esfera y las instituciones reguladas fueron 5. CONCLUSIONES: se mostró por primera vez un panorama general de la evolución de la reglamentación sobre la MNT, sus hitos, estructuras y necesidades de desarrollo. Se evidenció que el CECMED ha dado respuesta al mandato del Consejo de Ministros sobre el control en este campo, e investiga estrategias para cumplir las direcciones trazadas para la transformación del modelo económico y social del país con la perspectiva de la garantía sanitaria de medicamentos a utilizar en las modalidades de la MNT y dispositivos médicos con calidad, seguridad, eficacia y efectividad, en favor de preservar el derecho a la salud de los cubanos.

INTRODUCTION: Natural and traditional medicine (NTM) has gained space in Cuban health and society. OBJECTIVES: characterize NTM regulations and contribute to their development by means of the retrieval of national regulations about standards for NTM drugs and medical devices. METHODS: a descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. The regulatory bases were retrieved from a review of scientific papers published between 1989 and 2012, as well as work sessions with key officials and interviews with experts. RESULTS: a total 22 regulations were collected. The Center for State Control of the Quality of Drugs and Medical Equipment (CECMED) was identified as among the 6 main regulators in this field, with 5 institutions regulated. CONCLUSIONS: for the first time a general overview was provided of the evolution of NTM regulations, their milestones, structures and development needs. It was shown that CECMED has accomplished the mandate of the Council of Ministers about regulation in this field, and that it investigates strategies aimed at fulfilling the directives received in relation to the transformation of the Cuban economic and social development model ensuring the quality, safety, efficacy and efficiency of NTM drugs and medical devices to preserve the right of Cubans to health care.

Advancing kinesiology through improved peer review.

Peer review of scholarship is essential to journal quality, evidence, knowledge advancement, and application of that knowledge in any field. This commentary summarizes recent literature on issues related to peer-review quality and current review practice in kinesiology and provides recommendations to improve peer review in kinesiology journals. We reviewed the literature on the characteristics of peer review in scientific journals and describe the status of peer review in kinesiology journals. Although the majority of scholars and editors strongly support the peer-review process, systematic research in several disciplines has shown somewhat positive but mixed results for the efficacy of peer review in evaluating the quality of and improving research reports. Past recommendations for improvement have focused on agreement between reviewers, standards for evaluating quality, and clarification of the editorial team roles. Research on interventions, however, indicates that improving reviewer performance is difficult. The specific research on peer review in kinesiology is limited. Six recommendations to improve peer review are proposed: publishing clear evaluation standards, establishing collaborative evaluation procedures and editorial team roles, utilizing online submission data to help improve reviewer comments, creating author appeals procedures, protecting reviewer time commitments, and improving reviewer recognition. There is considerable variation in peer-review criteria and procedures in kinesiology, and implementing several reasonable improvements may advance knowledge development and the field of kinesiology.